Outline of the Rwandan Genocide - 2079 Words

Outline of the Rwandan Genocide: Draft Introduction Rwanda is a small land-locked nation, about 26,338 square kilometres in size, bordered by Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda and Tanzania. Though mainly flat, the country has a large mountain range on its northwest coast – the Virunga Mountains – that are home to the famous Rwandan Mountain Gorillas. In 1994, this seemingly insignificant country put itself on the world map, but for all the wrong reasons. Over a period of just one hundred days, over 800,000 Rwandans were killed in one of the worst genocides of the 20th Century. Tutsis and their Hutu supporters (the two ethnic groups in Rwanda) were massacred by Hutu militias, who encouraged ordinary citizens to kill their†¦show more content†¦Ordinary Hutu citizens were forced to kill their Tutsi neighbours – often people whom they had lived beside for many years and befriended. In the country, Hutu chiefs prepared â€Å"death lists† of local Tutsis, rounded up victims and made suitable sites available for massacres. Reaction: The Rwandan Patriotic Front In defense to this ruthless killing, the 14,000-man Tutsi-dominated RPF launched an offensive against the killers. Finally, in mid-July, they defeated the 35,000-man army and the militias, drove the remnants of the army and government into Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of Congo), and took control of the capital Kigali, declaring a ceasefire. United Nations aid workers and troops arrived to maintain order and bring back basic services. A multi-ethnic government took power, led by Hutu President Pasteur Bizimunga, Hutu Prime Minister Faustin Twagiramunga, and Tutsi Vice President/Minister of Defense Major General Paul Kagame, commander of the RPF. Most other cabinet posts were given to members of the RPF. After the Genocide: Refugees and International Support Following the end of the genocide in July and August 1994, two million Hutu civilians fled, joining one million already in exile. In Zaire, the destination of most refugees, sick and starving Hutu exiles were dying at an appalling rate of 2000 per day. The government encouraged them to return to the food, water and relativeShow MoreRelatedInformative Speech on Rwandan Genocide Outline1300 Words   |  6 PagesBen Johnson Intro to Comm. 1320-04 11/8/12 Rwandan Genocide General Purpose: To Inform Specific Purpose: To share with the class that the Rwandan Genocide was a brutal genocide that most people know little about. Thesis: The Rwandan Genocide is one of the lesser known, quickest, and most inhumane genocides this world has ever seen, and it is still affecting the people of Rwanda till this day. Organizational Pattern: Topical Introduction I. Attention Getter:Read MoreThe Genocide Of The Rwandan Genocide1421 Words   |  6 PagesThe Rwanda Genocide was an unfortunate case where thousands of deaths could have been prevented, but because of irresponsibility and selfishness of global governments’ innocent lives were lost. The Genocide began on April 6, 1994 and was, â€Å"initiated by the Hutu political elite and extremists and its military support, their prime targets were the Tutsi, as well as Hutu moderates.† (Hain 2) The Hutu made up majority of the population and government officials and enforced a government-assisted militaryRead MoreThe Effects Of Ignorance By Developed Nations On The Rwandan Genocide Essay3138 Words   |  13 PagesNATIONS ON THE RWANDAN GENOCIDE A Study in History, Lee Ann Yates, Advisor By Sheetal Chakka 00837-0097 13 August 2015 Sheetal Chakka Lee Ann Yates IB Extended Essay 13 August 2015 The Effect of Ignorance by Developed Nations on the Rwandan Genocide The year 1994. A poor, east African country. A fractured government entering a period of drastic turmoil. It was truly the perfect, ideal setting for the biggest genocide in history since that of World War II, the Rwandan Genocide. Much of theRead MoreThe Main Factors That Influenced The Rwandan Genocide1924 Words   |  8 PagesGenocide has the potential to occur in any society, however it commonly transpires under particular conditions. Gregory Stanton’s eight stages of genocide are designed to identify early warning signs and implement specific countermeasures to prevent genocide. The Rwandan genocide in 1994 was applicable to all stages of Gregory Stanton’s model however the model does not acknowledge and identify the underlying causes that triggered the initial stages of genocide. The key factors that influencedRead MoreThe Characteristics And Psychological Processes Of Genocide And Its Perpetrators2214 Words   |  9 Pages The Characteristics and Psychological Processes of Genocide and Its Perpetrators Claudio Viganà ³ 1330330 Integrative Project 300-301-MS 00007 David O’Keefe Research Proposal Monday March 23, 2015 Topic Summary The topic of this research proposal is genocide: more precisely the origins of the Rwanda and Cambodia genocide killings, with a focus on the characteristics and psychological processes of the individuals and societies that promote this extreme violence: the motivationsRead MoreThe Rwandan Genocide2566 Words   |  11 PagesThe Rwandan Genocide (1994) Name Grade Course Tutor’s Name Date Outline: 1. Introduction A. Definition of genocide B. Overview of the genocide 2. The Historical Rivalry between Hutu and Tutsi A. Background of Hutu and Tutsi B. Effect of the West in Rwanda 3. The Massacre A. The mass killings B. The Perpetrators C. Women and Children in the genocide 4. The Aftermath A. Tutsi Government B. Economic Recovery C. Physical and Psychological effects 5. Conclusion Read MoreStrength In What Remains. Kathleen Disselkoen:. Cornerstone1441 Words   |  6 PagesRwanda genocide and eventually becomes a U.S. citizen. It follows his flight from this predicament, and recounts how he suffered and overcame homelessness to graduate from Columbia University, and finally- to his unrelenting pursuit and achievement of his childhood dream of building a health care clinic in his hometown that provided free services to those who could not afford them. The book offers the reader an opportunity to experience the horrors that Deo faced throughout his life. It outlines theRead MoreAn Analysis and Evaluation of the United Nations Peacekeeping Role in Rwanda2919 Words   |  12 Pages1994 (Shawcross 2000). This systematic killing remains a bitter memory for all who witnessed and survived it. Rwandans killed Rwandans, decimating the Tutsi population of the country and also targeting moderate Hutus. Lamentably the peacekeepers did not prevent the genocide, nor did they stop it once it started. This failure has left deep wounds within Rwandan society, and seriously questioned their relationship with the international community, in particular the UnitedRead MoreImpact Of Globalization On Indigenous People770 Words   |  4 Pagesdiseases. Diseases such as smallpox, influenza, measles and whooping cough wiped out more than half their population, because of this they were not able to defend themselves when Europeans attacked. Another example of indigenous death is the Rwandan Genocide. European countries had control over Rwanda and favoured an indigenous group over the other, giving them power through the government. This group was called the Tutsi but the Tutsis were a minority to the Hutu which was a majority of the populationRead MoreThe Syrian Civil War and UN’s Failure to Solve It940 Words   |  4 PagesNations General Assembly, has said, â€Å"Chief responsibility for the maintenance of peace and security lies with the Security Council. It is therefore essential to its legitimacy that its membership reflect the state of the world.†[xiv] These two opinions outline the main c oncern over the problematic structure of the UNSC, which is that all permanent members of the council are elite nuclear powers whose actions are unchecked due to their veto powers. The UNSC has neither true international representation,

Symptoms And Treatment Of An Infected Surgical Incision Of...

A 63-year-old male patient is admitted for an infected surgical incision of fasciotomy in the right low extremity blow the knee. He is medically diagnosed with peripheral arterial disease (PAD), and femoral popliteal bypass surgery is performed to treat the blocked area of femoral artery in the leg. Postoperatively acute compartment syndrome occurred in the affected leg. Fasciotomy is used to treat muscular bleeding inside that increases pressure in the compartment. The leading cause of PAD is atherosclerosis, which gradually narrows the intima of the arterial wall (Lewis, Heitkemper Bucher, 2014). The narrowed artery reduces perfusion to the extremities, especially the lower extremities, and results in lower extremity†¦show more content†¦It looks very red (dependent rubor) compared to the other leg. It feels cool and his toe nails are thick and brittle. The skin of the leg looks taut and shiny with no hair. He states he has no pain in the leg but experiences sharp pain wh en pressure is applied around his ankle area. After breakfast, he moves to the bed, and the leg’s skin color becomes less reddish. His blood pressure in the morning on that day is within the targeted range, 115/66, left arm, sitting position. He has no fever and is alert and oriented x4. He is on contact isolation that requires gowns and gloves with a sign on the door per hospital protocol. His related functional changes are decreased activity tolerance due to insufficient peripheral perfusion to the lower extremities and emotional changes – depression and anxiety about his medical condition and a loss of functional capacity affecting his ability to work and daily living activities. Diagnostic Tests The patent takes IV antibiotic, Vancomycin, due to a post-op wound infection and sepsis. Vancomycin trough needs to be monitored during his antibiotic treatment to keep the blood concentration of Vancomycin remaining in the therapeutic range and prevent any side effects suc h as nephrotoxicity, phlebitis, hypotension, and ototoxicity. On the morning of April 3, the result of Vancomycin trough isShow MoreRelatedHesi Practice31088 Words   |  125 PagesInsulin requirements increase greatly during labor. 3. A client with left-sided heart failure complains of increasing shortness of breath and is agitated and coughing up pink-tinged, foamy sputum. The nurse should recognize these as signs and symptoms of A. right-sided heart failure. B. acute pulmonary edema. C. pneumonia. D. cardiogenic shock. 4. What s the most appropriate nursing diagnosis for a client exhibiting obsessive-compulsive behavior? A. Ineffective coping. B. Imbalanced nutrition:

The Definition of Family in the Constitution Free Essays

Article 41 of the Constitution recognises the Family â€Å"as the natural primary and fundamental unit group of Society†, and as a â€Å"moral institution possessing certain inalienable and imprescriptible rights† which are â€Å"antecedent and superior to all positive law†. The State guarantees to protect the Family in its constitution and authority â€Å"as the necessary basis of social order and as indispensable to the welfare of the Nation and the State†[1]. Article 41 of Bunreacht na hEireann contains the main provisions relating to the family. We will write a custom essay sample on The Definition of Family in the Constitution or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is generally considered that Articles 41 and 42 were heavily influenced by Roman Catholic teaching. They were clearly drafted with one family in mind, namely the family based on marriage. †[2]. Since 1937 when the constitution was drafted there has been major social changes such as, changing attitudes to sexual behaviour, contraceptive use, social acceptance of pre marital relations, cohabitation and single parenthood, social acceptance of divorce, just to name a few. These social changes which would not have readily existed in 1937 have not been adapted to in the Constitution in Article 41/42 concerning the †family†. Simply put the definition of family in the constitution is old fashioned. I am of the opinion that an amendment to â€Å"The Family†- namely Article 41 is required. I base my argument on 3 main reasons 1) More types of family should be recognised, not just that of a marital family. 2) The definition of family should be changed to include expressed rights of a child incorporated into Article 41 and the rights of a child not just fall under that of †the family† 3) The wording of the rights of the family to change to allow for more state intervention. Though the â€Å"family† is not defined in the constitution the Supreme Court held that the family is based on marriage – State(Nicolaou) v An Bord Uchtala[3] : Walsh J – â€Å"the family referred to on [Article 41. 3. 1] is the family which founded on the institution of marriage, on which the family is founded on the institution of marriage and, in the context of the Article, marriage means valid marriage under the laws for the time being in force in the state†. Article 41. 3. [4] states â€Å"The State pledges itself to guard with special care the institution of marriage, on which the family is founded, and to protect against attack† . From this definition it appears that a non-marital family would not be protected by the State against attack. In my opinion this provision should be amended to conform to the social change that I have previously mentioned as a family in current times is no longer just a marital family. â€Å" The law must, as far p ossible mirror contemporary civilization and as that changes so must the law. If the law becomes too rigid and inflexible, then there is always the danger that it will conflict with the needs of the people, with all the unfortunate consequences to which conflict may arise†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. during the dynamic periods of History †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. for it becomes essential for the legal system to adjust itself to the novel conditions of social life†[5] As a general rule most rights and obligations flowing from family law legislation are confined to families based on marriage. There are few contexts where non marital relationships are recognised such as domestic violence[6] and wrongful death[7]. The European Court of Human Rights have taken broader approach then Ireland and has been deemed to protect inter alia the family life of non-marital parents and their children. â€Å"It is likely that the failure to recognise the rights, and indeed the duties, of the members of non-marital families may constitute a breach of Art. 8 of the European Convention of Human rights, which requires that the State respect the family life of all persons†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. iven that the convention is now part of domestic law it is only a matter of time before Irish Law is found to be in breach†[8] The European Court of Human Rights(ECHR) broader approach to the definition of a †family† can be seen in Mouta v Portugal[9]. In this case the ECHR recognised a homosexual man and his child as a family which wouldn’t be recognised under the Irish Constitution. Da Silva was previously married and had a daughter in this relationship and divorced 3 years later. .The applicant (Da Silva) sought an order giving him parental responsibility for the child. The Lisbon Family Affairs Court awarded Da Silva parental responsibility. His ex-wife appealed against the Family Affairs Court’s judgment to the Lisbon Court of Appeal, which reversed the lower court’s judgment and awarding parental responsibility to the ex-wife, with contact to the applicant. It was held by the ECHR that the judgment of the Court of Appeal, in so far as it set aside the judgment of the lower court, constituted an interference with the father’s right to respect for family life and attracted the application of Art 8 of the Convention. Were this case to appear in an Irish Court De Souza would not have been awarded custody due to the the rigidness of the courts to move from strictly interpreting †family† in the constitution . Secondly I will explore how 1)Article 41 acts as a shield against state intervention against matters concerning †the family† and also 2)why I think †the child† should be given expressed rights in the constitution contained in the definition of family. In my opinion I think that Article 41 acts as a shield against state intervention. I think â€Å"a shield† is an effective way of describing the Article as a shield protects against attack but does not block all danger/damage, just like Article 41protects the †family† but does not provide complete immunity. This article emphasises the rights of the family as a whole while not exploring individual rights such as the rights of the child. I think the words †inalienable and imprescriptible†/rights superior to positive law† are too strong as it gives the State limited opportunity to intervene with matters concerning †the family†. When can the state intervene?. Murphy J gave his view on this question â€Å"where conduct of parents are such to constitute a virtual abdication of their responsibility or alternatively, the disastrous consequences of a particular parental decision are so immediate and inevitable as to demand intervention and perhaps call into question either the basic competence or devotion of the parents† A State intervention must be proportionate -breach of Article 41 must have justifiable circumstances. As I previously mentioned Article 41 does not provide complete protection. This can be seen in People v T[10] where a father had been convicted of sexual offenses against his daughter. Casey made the point that while Article 41 â€Å"established that the family as a unit had it’s own special rights, other provisions make it clear that each member of that unit had his/her own constitutionally-guaranteed personal rights†¦.. It follows from this that the common law rule can have no application in cases where one member of a family is alleged to have committed an offense against another†[11]. I have already given my opinion that i think the words ‘inalienable and imprescriptible† and †above positive law† are too strong and limit the courts powers in intervening. One case where I think this is prevalent is is N v Health Service Executives[12] aka †the baby Ann case†. At the time of A’s birth in July 2004 the applicants were unmarried and they decided to place A for adoption. The applicants married in Northern Ireland in January 2006, strengthening their legal position as they now formed a family under the constitution. The High Court held that the child was in the lawful custody of Mr and Mrs D(the Adoptive parents) and that, accordingly, a conditional order for the inquiry under art 40 had to be discharged. The decision of the High Court was based on his conclusion that the applicants had failed in their duty towards their daughter and abandoned her and that there were compelling reasons why the child should not be returned to their custody. The decision was overturned by the Supreme Court. I feel that the decision by the Supreme Court was inappropriate, it did not take into account the welfare of the child, Article 41 restricted the courts ability to award custody of the child to the adoptive parents, as the maternal parents and Baby Ann has formed a †family† under the constitution. If the State had more powers to intervene and supersede Article 41 then the custody would probably have been given to the adoptive parents (which would have been the right decision from my point of view). John Walters gave his view on the Supreme Courts decision â€Å"its hands tied by outmoded provisions of the Constitution, was prevented from doing the â€Å"decent† thing: leaving baby Ann with her prospective adoptive parents†[13]. Judge Catherine McGuiness, closing remarks in the case were interesting. She voiced criticism regarding the rights of the child in the constitution and also how she was reluctant to come to the decision to support the maternal parents claims. â€Å" It would be disingenuous not to admit that I am one of the ‘quarters’ who have voiced criticism of the position of the child in the Constitution. I did so publicly in the report on the Kilkenny Incest Inquiry in 1993. The present case must, however, be decided under the Constitution and the law as it now stands. With the reluctance and some regret I would allow this appeal. †[14]. I think that the argument to give the child expressed rights under the constitution is intertwined with giving the State more scope on intervening in family cases. As it stands children’s rights are thought as secondary to the parents and this can be see in Crowley. [15] I think that there should be a change from the paternalistic approach, whereby the adults know best. Were there to be an express provision outlining the right of the child there would gave been an alternative decision in the PKU test case[16]. The court acknowledged the right of the parents to refuse a both standard and important test for a new born child while ignoring the best interests of the child. The Council of Europe Recommendation 1289 (1996) point 8(i) on a European Strategy for children advised that there should be guarantees that children’s rights should be explicitly incorporated into constitutional text. [17] To summarise I think Article 41 concerning the definition of family should be changed. It is outdated basing a family on marriage as in current times there are more then just marriage based families, there are a variety of situations which the normal person would regard as a ‘family’. The Constitutional Review Group stated that there is a â€Å"multiplicity of differing units which may be capable of being considered family†. [18] I think there should be an exhaustive list including the instances above where a member of the public would regard the situation as being a family. Alternatively you could leave the definition of family open and state that â€Å"family† is not confined to that of just a family based on marriage. This would leave the judiciary to determine a family on a case by case basis which is similar to the ECHR approach. This would result in a large amount of uncertainty. I would favor the first option even though it would arise it’s own problems such as would being forced to become a legal family under the constitution infringe on personal rights? And also how would you determine the length of time a family is together to qualify as co-habitant?. Either way I think the implied definition of family needs to be changed. To highlight the constant increase of different types of families and the need for reform, I have taken statistics from the last 3 census’ of the number of units formed by cohabiting couples (which are one †family I think should be recognised) and formed a table, this furthermore indicates the need to incorporate the change in society into the constitution. How to cite The Definition of Family in the Constitution, Essay examples

The Gas and The Oil Industry

Question: Demonstrate a good understanding of the substantive rules of international law applicable to the oil and gas industry Evaluate the key principles of contract formation in international commercial transactions and key international law principles and trends in the oil and gas sector Assess the effectiveness of international law in addressing the environmental impact of oil exploration and exploitation Demonstrate a critical understanding of the importance of oil and gas law as a distinct subject, studied in a practical and commercial context. Answer: Introduction The different players in the gas and the oil industry have to encounter different kinds of risks. There are different kinds of risks and they are HSE accidents, mechanical breakdowns as well as unfavorable price change. Furthermore, there are also risks regarding contract between the host country and government and international oil companies or contractors. With the aim of reducing the exposure, industry players generally carry out different kinds of measures as well practices so that they are able to manage the risks efficiently. It is significant to note that one significant aspect of risk management is the risk allocation between or among the parties who are engaged in an undertaking. But it is quite difficult in the Oil and Gas Industry because there is large number of parties who are involved in a single project. Risk allocation in the Oil and the Gas Industry can be carried out by setting out in the contract clauses. It is these clauses which assess that which party will be held responsible for a certain risks and to what extent. The characteristics of the upstream oil and gas contracts are highly affected by the fundamental interest of the Host Government and the International Contractor. The Host Government is generally concerned with attracting risk capital to modern EP technology for securing the national interest while the international oil companies and the contractor focuses on the ways to acquire the excessive return on their investment. To make a clear distinction between the rights of Host Government and the international oil companies so that they are able to address and manage the risks, Production Sharing Agreement (PSA) has been introduced. Production Sharing Contracts was first introduced in Bolivia in the beginning of 1950s and this contract is able to provide benefit to the host country lacking expertise. Discussions The search of petroleum pushes the gas and the oil companies from their home countries out into the world. The worldwide scope of the exploration for the production of the oil and gas has given rise to multinational and international companies. These companies are generally found in home countries but carry out their business all over the world. It has been found out that presently all the significant oil companies can be found in different oil producing regions of the world. Furthermore, it has also been found out the medium and small petroleum companies also carry put their business in more than one country of the world (Hilyard, 2012). It is significant to note that each country formulates and implements different kinds of laws and regulations which help in developing the oil and gas industry sector of that country. So, it is probable to demonstrate the basic approaches and the concepts which are related with the international petroleum. Several laws have also been passed by the United States which applies to the international operation of the US Companies. Risk Allocation Approaches Usually, there are three kinds of research allocation approaches which are used in the Oil and Gas Industry (Darst, 2007). They are: Indemnity Exemption Limitation of Liability Indemnity Following this agreement, the party which is entitled to obtain a benefit will acquire payment from the indemnifying pay in case the indemnifying party suffers a loss (Benigno and Kk, 2012). Indemnity can be classified as mutual or unilateral indemnity. As per Mutual indemnity, all the parties involved in the contract acts as a potential indemnifier and recipient of probable indemnity. As against this, unilateral indemnity highlights a situation in which one party undertakes the liability of indemnifying another party if the second party incurs a loss in the contractual relationship. Scope of Indemnity for multiple parties: In Oil and Gas Industry, there are large numbers of parties involved. It has been seen that, whenever different parties are involved in a contract, it often creates an abstract result on the indemnity clause (Bowen, 2011). It has been interpreted by the court that whenever several parties are involved in a contract then one party will condensate other for any kind of loss. Scope of Indemnity when there is subrogation: If the indemnifier has undertaken an insurance policy to cover the similar risks which is the subject of the contract, the responsibility to indemnify will be turned off based on the fact whether or not there is an express duty of the indemnifier to take out the policy (SCARANTINO, 2010). Exclusion of liability The clause of Exclusion of liability is to release a party from the obligation for loss arising from outlined risks. However, the forgiveness will depend on the kind of risks or risks rising from the contract. These provisions in a contract generate a class of injury whose happenings are highlighted not to be qualified for remediation by the party with the responsibility to the risk covered (Zinn, 2002). The Oil and the Gas contract Parties agree to exclude liability for the following: Consequential Loss Loss resulting from willful conduct Loss resulting from gross negligence Limitation of Liability A liability clause may allocate the obligation for remedying loss which rises from an action of providing advantage to the party and at the same time put a cap on it. The cap will be put depending on the prearranged segment of the loss or a fixed amount of money. It should be noted that a limitation clause will limit the liability of the duty bearer (LIMITATION OF LIABILITY FOR MARITIME CLAIMS, 2001). There are different forms of limitation and they have been given below: Fixed amount Limitation: The parties may want to offer for the maximum amount of the loss that has been incurred so that either of them would be responsible for in the event of the risk happenings. The Clause 35 of Logic Standard Contract Supply of Major items are an example of fixed amount limitation. It ensures that: This kind of contracts is generally utilized in Oil and Gas industry. This is because there is option for unlimited as well as probably excessive liability is kept unrestrained (Johnsen Oil signs major Russian filtration supply contract, 2011). They may act as conciliation whenever the parties disagree on a mutual hold. It has been seen that some of the Oil and Gas project are so precious that the losses which are incurred are unbearable for the contractors. Thus, it is evident that a liability cap is carrying out the role of providing a second line of defense of indeterminate liability. Proportionate Liability: There are a large number of contracts which restricts the liability of the parties who are engaged in the proportion of their participation in the undertaking. Production Sharing Agreement Production Sharing Contract is a common kind of contract that is signed by the government of the host country and the international oil producing countries highlighting how much of the oil extracted will be received by government and the oil producing companies. In this agreement, the government of the host country grants the international oil companies with the permission to carry out with the exploration and the production of oil. It is duty of the oil companies to bear the mineral as well as the financial risks of explore and initiative. If the company is successful in acquiring money then the profit will be shared between the company and the government at a rate of 20% and 80% respectively. This contract is able to provide benefit to the host country lacking expertise and want foreign companies to carry out the task. At the same time, his contract can also be profitable for oil companies involved in the project (Zedalis, 2009). Key Features Parties- Generally, this type of contract will be carried by the National Oil Corporation (NOC) in behalf of the government. However, in case of India, these contracts are generally carried out Ministers who are in charge of the Mines and Ministers for Petroleum and Natural Gas respectively. In Tanzania, Tanzanian Petroleum Development Corporation is a party (Zedalis, 2009). Term of Contract- The length of the terms of the contract depends on a large number of factors and thus terms is negotiable. There is no fixed term period for the Model Contracts. Kenyan Model which follows the Clause 2: Relinquishment It focuses on ensuring speedy and effective exploration. It provides benefits to both the parties. The Clause 7 of the Kurdistans Model PSC is an example of Relinquishment Clause. National Interest Provisions National Interest Provision helps to upgrade and protect national socio-economic well-being of the host country (SCARANTINO, 2010). Cost Recovery Oil With the help of this provision, International Oil Corporation is able to recover its costs from the extracted oil and gas even before the profit is shared. Profit Oil This includes the return on exploration after the international Oil Corporation has recovered the costs. This is shared between the different parties in a sliding scale. The allocation of the government of the host country will increase with the rise in the production or the economic return of the contractor (Pirog, 2006). The product Sharing Agreement was first utilized in Indonesia in the year 1960. This was signed between the International Oil Cooperation and Pertamina. Presently, Product Sharing Agreement was used in developing and maintaining relationship between International Oil Contribution and some of the resource rich state for the exploration, development and the production of the oil and natural gas. As mentioned above, the most significant notion of this contract is the shared production. Generally, Product Sharing Agreement is signed for a time period of 25 to 30 years. However, the contract can be signed for longer years. This can be seen in the contract for developing the oilfield in Kashagan in Kazakhstan (Pirog, 2006). The project was signed in the year 1977 and it continued for about 40 years. After the extraction of the oil, the profit is shared between the parties who are involved in the contract. The share of the host country will be given to SOE. If the contract involves different number of parties, then one of the parties can assume the role of the operational management of the project. However, it should be noted that the function of the operational management will be assigned to the largest investor and he will also be responsible for settling the disputes or any problem that may arise in this case. The technical operational management varies greatly from the commercial operational management. This is because the technical operational management deals with the actual field development procedure whereas the commercial operational management focuses on the process of controlling the financial settlements as well as relation between the different parties about the production sharing calculations (Lai, 2011). The Product Sharing Agreement makes it clear that National Oil Corporation should represent the state. The NOC should possess two responsibilities. Firstly, that of a contractor with proper shares of the contract and secondly, it represents the interest of the state and thus receives the share of the profit of the oil on behalf of the state (Liu and Zhu, 2013). However, it should be noted that the share of National Oil Corporation varies from one country to other based on the negotiation process of Product Sharing Agreement and the share of National Oil Corporation in a specific project. However, different laws of product Sharing Agreement want National Oil Corporation to enjoy a share of the controlling stake of a project. In order to avoid any kind of problem, PSA is planned in such a way so that the contribution of NOC is executed by some other group members and the group members and the government repays the contribution from its share of profit (Lai, 2011). The different principles of Product Sharing Agreement have been analyzed below: On the host state side, an NOC an act as a party of the contractThe state holds legal title to the unproduced natural resources and only changes title to the share of the International Oil Corporation.The International Oil Corporation undertakes the risks at the exploration stage.If the Product Sharing agreement is negotiated and signed then it will become a part of the national legislation (Lai, 2011).The International Oil Corporation is provided with the right to search, develop and extract oil.The capital is invested by International Oil Corporation. The capital expenditure and the cost of maintenance are subtracted from the production in the form of cost oil.Cost oil and the profit oil are computed depending on the exact amount of oil being produced.The parties who are involved in the project will share the profit oil as long as the contract exists. The taxes are paid to government by the parties once the oil has been acquired (BELEW, 2011). Conclusions The entire project highlighted how the different kinds of risks associated with the Oil and Gas Industry are managed by the different parties. It also shows the importance of the Product Sharing Agreements and its role in sharing the risks and the responsibility between the host country and the international oil companies. The Host Government is generally concerned with attracting risk capital to modern EP technology for securing the national interest while the international oil companies and the contractor focuses on the ways to acquire the excessive return on their investment. The report showed that there are three kinds of research allocation approaches which are used in the Oil and Gas Industry. In Oil and Gas Industry, there are large numbers of parties involved. It has been seen that, whenever different parties are involved in a contract, it often creates an abstract result on the indemnity clause. Production Sharing Contract is a common kind of contract that is signed by the g overnment of the host country. References BELEW, S. (2011). Starting an online business all-in-one for dummies. Hoboken: John wiley. Benigno, G. and Kk, H. (2012). Portfolio allocation and international risk sharing. Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'conomique, 45(2), pp.535-565. Bowen, A. (2011). Proportionate liability under the civil liabilty regime. St. Leonards, NSW: Continuing Professional Education Dept. of the College of Law. Darst, D. (2007). Mastering the art of asset allocation. New York: McGraw-Hill. Hilyard, J. (2012). The oil gas Industry. Tulsa, Okla.: PennWell. Johnsen Oil signs major Russian filtration supply contract. (2011). Filtration + Separation, 48(2), p.6. Joshi, H. (2010). Knowledge sharing and intellectual property management. 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